1. Bible was made in 1382 A.D., by

Art

1. The word ‘bible’ is a Greek word which means ‘the books’.2. The Bible was written roughly between 1200 and 100 AD.3. There are 66 books in Protestants Christians Bible.

4. Ethiopian Orthodox Christians recognize 81 books in the Bible.5. Greek Orthodox Bible has 75 books in the bible.6. Most parts of Old Testament was written in Hebrew.7.

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The New Testament is written in Greek.8. The complete Bible is translated in around 670 different languages.9.

Bible is most famous and most published book in the world.10. The New Testament is translated into 1521 languages.11. Every year approximately 100 million copies of the Bible are sold.12.

Oldest man in the bible is Methuselah, he lived for 969 years.13. The Bible has more than a single author, it was written by kings, fisherman, prophets, shepherds, poets, farmers, musicians, doctors and many others.14. There are poetry, legal documents, songs, letters, eyewitness accounts, people stories, historical documents and advice material in Bible.15.

Most Catholics recognize 73 books in the Bible.16. According to the stories in the bible, Satan killed only 10 people but God killed more than 2,400,000 people.17.

To read the entire Bible, it takes 49 hours, i.e. slightly more than 2 days.18. Goliath was the tallest man in the Bible; he was 9 and half feet tall.19. The first English translation of Bible was made in 1382 A.

D., by John Wycliffe.20. The shortest book in the New Testament is 2 John with 13 verses.

21. Acts is the longest book in the New Testament is. It has 28 chapters.22. Women, old people are the most maximum readers of the Bible.23. Noah built the ark to protect family and animals to survive the flood, and he was 600 years old when he made an ark.

24. According to Bible Jesus lived on the earth for forty days after his supernatural resurrection.25. The longest Chapter in the Bible is Psalm 119.26. The shortest Chapter in the Bible is Psalm 117.

27. The bible is the most shoplifted book.28. The longest verse in the Bible is Esther 8:9.29. There are total 1189 numbers of Chapters in the Bible. 30.

There are two men in the Bible who were taken up to heaven by God, without dying. They are Elijah and Enoch,31. There is a description in Bible that after Crucifixion of Jesus, many saints rose from dead and were seen by people.32. China is world’s largest producer of Bibles.33. The words: “Do not be afraid” appear 365 times in the Bible.34.

Total number of Chapters in the Old Testament is929.35. There are 260 Chapters in the New Testament.36. The word “Christian” appears only 3 times in the Bible.37. “Mahershalalhashbaz” is the longest word in the Bible.

38. “Amen” is the last word in the Bible.39. Bible has 100 positive statements about the right hand.40. There are no original texts of the bible.

41. The Old Testament was written in 1000 of years but New Testament was written in a period of 50-75 years.42. There are many songs lyrics that are inspired by Bible.43.

As bible is offered for free in hotels and worship places it is the most commonly stolen book in the world.44. After the death of Bob Marley, he was buried with his guitar, a Bible and stalk of marijuana.45. There is no phrase in Bible like ‘God never gives you more than you can handle’ but the opposite is said in the bible.46.

Solomon was the wisest man in the Bible.47. Jehovah’s Witnesses don’t celebrate holidays and birthdays.48. Swearing on the Bible is forbidden by the Bible.

49. 7, 12 and 40 are the numbers the bible repeatedly repeats.50. The most highlighted or read Kindle books are The Bible, Steve Jobs’ bio, and the Hunger Games.51.

Having Bibles, watching South Korean movies and distributing pornography in North Korea may be punished with death.52. Dominican Republic flag has the bible on it.53. In Bible, there is no physical description of Jesus.54.

Two London Bible printers in 1631accidentally left the word “not” out of the seventh commandment, which then read, “Thou shalt commit adultery.” 55. In the Bible, ‘666’ number is a sign of the beast. 56. There are plenty of puns, funny names, humorous imagery, sarcasm and irony in Bible.57. In the bible, there is no mention of three wise men, just three gifts.58.

Bible states that the Earth is free floating in the space.59. In the Bible, God sends 2 bears to murder 42 children because they had mocked the bald man.60. The Old Testament has more than 60 passages; Christians believe its prophecies of Jesus.

61. There is mention of unicorns in Bible.62. In Bible the greatest warrior was Gideon, he defeated 135,000 Midianites with the help of God.

63. According to Bible, Solomon had 700 wives and 300 concubines.64. There is a description in Bible that earth is round.

65. There are around 2,500 prophecies in Bible.66. “Jesus wept” is the shortest verse in the bible.67.

There are total 31,173 Verses in the Bible.68. Most scholars believe that Jesus never viewed himself as creating a new religion per se, just reforming Judaism.69. Jesus had several sisters and brothers, names of sisters are not named in the Bible.

70. The Bible contains around 774,000 words.

1. to define a Policy, Anderson (1975) has

Government

1. IntroductionPublic Policy is one of the broadest and most commonly used concepts in politics and in the academic circles.

Its application in different contexts, always, brings about confusion to many people. For this reason, there is no any consensus in most discussions on the definition of the term. The most difficult confusion arises from the failure of many people to distinguish between public policy as being affairs of the state and public policy as being an academic field of study. This paper argues that the meaning of the term, ‘public Policy’ cannot be explained from a single perspective or dimension. Therefore, the paper seeks to generate different understandings and explanations for the meaning of the term from a number of scholars. 2. DefinitionsTo begin with, the meaning of Public Policy cannot be understood without firstly understanding the meaning of the word, ‘Policy’ and Public Policy itself.

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In trying to define a Policy, Anderson (1975) has suggested that a policy is a “purposive course of action followed by an actor or set of actors”. Apart from that, a different definition can be borrowed from Ripley & Franklin cited in Cahn (2012:30) who has defined policy as ‘what the government says and does about perceived problems.’ This definition, though, restricts the meaning of policy only to those actions carried out by the government, a policy can be public or private. Public policy, on the other hand as adopted from Dye (1976: 1) means, answer to the question what the government does, why it does exactly what it does and what consequences this brings. A similar definition can be borrowed from Hayes, (2001) which stresses that, Public policy is a purposive and consistent course of action produced as a response to a perceived problem of a constituency, formulated by a specific political process, and adopted, implemented, and enforced by a public agency. Cochran and Malone, (2014) defines Public policy as the overall framework within which government actions are undertaken to achieve public goals, This is similar to what Charles has advance where Public policy is a system of laws, regulatory measures, courses of action, and funding priorities concerning a given topic promulgated by a governmental entity or its representatives (Serban, M, 2015)3. Explanation for the Meaning of Public policyFrom the above definitions, public policy can firstly, be characterized as something that involves behavior and intentions. Just as seen in Dye (1992, p.

4), public policy simply involves what governments choose to do or not to do. Dye’s view of a public policy rests on the actions taken by the government and the purpose that govern such action. In simple terms, public policies are not just only whatever behaviors but also the goals that are set to govern such behaviors. Hogwood and Gunn, (1984: 14-15) have attributed public policy to as desired state-of-the-art in certain area or expressed desire of the government to follow certain way of development in specific area. This notion is inclined on the idea that public policies are goal oriented. Public policies are made and implemented in order to achieve the objectives which the government has in view for the ultimate benefit of the masses in general. These policies clearly spell out the programmes of government. Public policy is also characterized by being less readily distinguishable from ‘administration.

Public policy is what the government actually decides or chooses to do. It is the relationship of the government units to the specific field of political environment in a given administrative system. It can take a variety of forms like law, ordinances, court decisions, executive orders, decisions etc. Hogwood and Gunn (1984: 15) has noted that that public policy is in fact always more than just simple act of governing institution’s decisions. After public policy is formally adopted / confirmed, gives legal power to competent institutions to implement certain activities.

(Hogwood, Gunn, 1984: 16).Policy have outcomes which may or may not have been foreseen. Public policy involves an accumulation of outcome of many operational decisions or responses to problems first perceived at relatively low levels of the organization by administrators. Public policy is the outcome of the government’s collective actions. It means that it is a pattern or course of activity or’ the governmental officials and actors in a collective sense than being term as their discrete and segregated decisions. Apart from that, Public Policy can also be seen to be separate from a mare decision. Policy is more than decision. Public policy is positive in the sense that it depicts the concern of the government ‘and involves its action to a particular problem on which the policy is made.

It has the sanction of law and authority behind it. Negatively, it involves a decisions by the governmental officials regarding not taking any action on a particular issue. Hogwood and Gunn (1984: 15) has noted that that public policy is in fact always more than just simple act of governing institution’s decisions.

After public policy is formally adopted / confirmed, gives legal power to competent institutions to implement certain activities. (Hogwood, Gunn, 1984: 16).Another way to extract the meaning of Public Policy from the above mentioned definitions is to understand that policy involves inaction as well as action. The ‘actions’ we are concerned with in this case are government decisions to act, or not to act, to change or maintain some aspect of the status quo (Birkland, 2001: ch. 1). Public policies, in this case, focuses on what Easton (1953, p.

129) has been attributed to as “the authoritative allocation of values for the whole society. That’s why Lineberry (1977, p. 2), stresses that public policy “is what governments do and fail to do – to and for their citizens.” This understanding places government at the centre as being responsible for administrating. One can understand public policies as set of accepted activities or measures, which shall, provide these societal activities, which would result in what is expected to be public interest, according to the belief of public sector. Public policy involves a key but not exclusive role for public agencies.

One can understand public policies as set of accepted activities or measures, which shall, provide these societal activities, which would result in what is expected to be public interest, according to the belief of public sector.4. ConclusionIn a nutshell, it is clear that public policies are governmental decisions, and are actually the result of activities which the government undertakes in pursuance of certain goals and objectives. It can also be said that public policy formulation and implementation involves a well-planned pattern or course of activity. It requires a thoroughly close knit relation and interaction between the important governmental agencies viz., the political executive, legislature, bureaucracy and judiciary.

1.1 a visibly continuous Mini or microcomputers

Plays

1 Introduction 1.1.1 Digital image processing A digital image is an array of real or complex numbers represented by a finite number of bits. The term digital image processing generally refers to processing of two dimensional picture by a digital computer.

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Fig 1.1: Typical Digital Image ProcessingAn image is given in the form of a slide, photograph or chart, is first digitized and stored as a matrix of binary digits in computer memory. This digitized image can be processed and / or displayed on a high-resolution TV monitor. For display, the image is stored in a rapid access buffer memory, which refreshes the monitor at rate of 30 frames/sec to produce a visibly continuous Mini or microcomputers are used to communicate and control all the digitization, storage processing and display operations.

Figure 1.2 shows the steps in a typical image processing sequence: Fig 1.2: Typical Image Processing SequenceObject: An object is a material thing that can be seen and touched.

In this project, the object is a compound leaf.Imaging system: It will be a device which will be used to capture the images of the object.Digital Storage Disk: this will be a hardware device used to store the captured image of the object.Digital Computer: Here the digital computer means the software application installed in the computer.

This project plays the role of Digital Computer.Display: Here the display will be the monitor on which we can see the output.Initially the object’s image is captured by the imaging system, a Camera (SONY W110 CYBERSHOT in this project); the captured image will be stored in the Digital storage device (Hard disk or Memory card). Now the images will be used in the Digital Computer (this Project), all the processing will be done in this module according to the instructions given in the project. Finally the output of the project will be displayed in the display device.1.1.3 Phases of image processing The different phases of image processing are: 1.

Image representation and modeling 2. Image enhancement 3. Image restoration 4. Image analysis 5. Image reconstruction 6.

Image data compression. Image Representation and modeling: Images are represented as a collection if overlapping patches Pi (with associated features: visual words, mean color, etc.).Patches are generated by a number of objects (spatial extend represented by blobs) and a background. In each image the number of blobs, their positions are not known. Blobs are associated with labels. Given the blobs and their parameters, the patches in an image are assumed to be independentImage enhancement: The aim of image enhancement is to improve the interpretability of information in images for human viewers, or to provide `better’ input for other automated image processing techniques.

Image enhancement techniques can be divided into two broad categories: 1. Spatial domain methods, which operate directly on pixels, and 2. Frequency domain methods, which operate on the Fourier transform of an image.Image Restoration: It refers to the recovery of an original signal from degraded observations.

Image restoration is different from image enhancement in that the latter is designed to emphasize features of the image that make the image more pleasing to the observer, but not necessarily to produce realistic data from a scientific point of view. Image enhancement techniques (like contrast stretching or de-blurring by a nearest neighbor procedure) provided by “Imaging packages” use no a priori model of the process that created the image. Image Analysis: It is the extraction of meaningful information from images; mainly from digital images by means of digital image processing techniques.

Image analysis tasks can be as simple as reading bar coded tags or as sophisticated as identifying a person from their face.Image reconstruction: Digital image reconstruction is a robust means by which the underlying images hidden in blurry and noisy data can be revealed. The main challenge is Sensitivity to measurement noise in the input data, which can be magnified strongly resulting in large artifacts in the reconstructed image. The cure is to restrict the permitted images.Image data compression: The goal of image data compression is to represent an image as accurately as possible using the fewest number of pixels.¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬This project uses the phases, Image Representation, Image Enhancement, Image Analysis, and Image Reconstruction to achieve the goal of project.1.

1.4 What is a leaf?In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant organ specialized for the process of photosynthesis. Leaves are typically flat (laminar) and thin, which evolved as a means to maximize the surface area directly exposed to light.

Likewise, the internal organization of leaves has evolved to maximize exposure of the photosynthetic organelles, the chloroplasts, to light and to increase the absorption of carbon dioxide, in a process called photosynthesisTypes of leavesThe leaf blade has two types of configuration. It may be in one unit, in which case the leaf is called a simple leaf, or it may be divided into numerous small parts that look like individual leaves and which form a compound leaf.Compound LeafA leaf composed of a number of leaflets on a common stalk, arranged either palmately, as the fingers of a hand, or pinnately, as the leaflets of a fern; the leaflets themselves may be compound is called compound leaf.Types of Compound LeavesFig 1.3: Types of Compound LeavesEvenpinnate: Leaflets are attached along an extension of the petiole called a rachis; there is an even number of leaflets.

Oddpinnate Leaflets are attached along an extension of the petiole called a rachis; there is a terminal leaflet and therefore an odd number of leaflets.Oddpinnate (Alternate): Leaflets are attached along an extension of the petiole called a rachis; there is a terminal leaflet and therefore an odd number of leaflets. And these leaflets are attached alternatively to the rachis.Bipinnate/Twice pinnate: compound leaf dissected twice with leaflets arranged along rachillae that are attached to the rachis.Tripinnate: This type of compound leaf can also be called as thrice pinnately compound pinnate; a compound leaf with leaflets attached to secondary rachillae that are in turn attached to rachillae, which are borne on the rachis.Tetrafoliate: A compound leaf with four leaflets.Palmate: Leaflets are attached to the tip of the petiole.

TerminologyPetiole: The stalk of a leaf. Leaflet: One of the parts of a compound leaf, leaflets does NOT have auxillary buds.1.

1.5 Classification Classification includes a broad range of decision-theoretic approaches to the identification of images (or parts thereof). All classification algorithms are based on the assumption that the image in question depicts one or more features (e.g.

, geometric parts in the case of a manufacturing classification system, or spectral regions in the case of remote sensing) and that each of these features belongs to one of several distinct and exclusive classes. The classes may be specified a priori by an analyst (as in supervised classification) or automatically clustered (i.e. as in unsupervised classification) into sets of prototype classes, where the analyst merely specifies the number of desired categories. (Classification and segmentation have closely related objectives, as the former is another form of component labeling that can result in segmentation of various features in a scene.

) How It WorksImage classification analyzes the numerical properties of various image features and organizes data into categories. Classification algorithms typically employ two phases of processing: training and testing. In the initial training phase, characteristic properties of typical image features are isolated and, based on these, a unique description of each classification category, i.e. training class, is created. In the subsequent testing phase, these feature-space partitions are used to classify image features.

The description of training classes is an extremely important component of the classification process. In supervised classification, statistical processes (i.e.

based on an a priori knowledge of probability distribution functions) or distribution-free processes can be used to extract class descriptors. Unsupervised classification relies on clustering algorithms to automatically segment the training data into prototype classes. In either case, the motivating criteria for constructing training classes are: • independent, i.e. a change in the description of one training class should not change the value of another, • discriminatory, i.e. different image features should have significantly different descriptions, and • Reliable, all image features within a training group should share the common definitive descriptions of that group.

A convenient way of building a parametric description of this sort is via a feature vector (v1,v2,..vn) where n is the number of attributes which describe each image feature and training class.

This representation allows us to consider each image feature as occupying a point, and each training class as occupying a sub-space (i.e. a representative point surrounded by some spread, or deviation), within the n-dimensional classification space. Viewed as such, the classification problem is that of determining to which sub-space class each feature vector belongs. For example, consider an application where we must distinguish two different types of objects (e.

g. bolts and sewing needles) based upon a set of two attribute classes (e.g. length along the major axis and head diameter). If we assume that we have a vision system capable of extracting these features from a set of training images, we can plot the result in the 2-D feature space, shown in Figure . Fig 1.4: Classification example Feature space: + ? sewing needles, o? bolts. 1.

2 Statement of the ProblemThe main objective of the project is automatic classification of Compound leaves as Bipinnate, Tripinnate, Tetrafoliate, and Palmate using Back Propogation Neural Network.1.3 Scope of the Study It is applicable to a wide range of applications like, leaf recognition in Botany, Ayurveda, Forest, Horticulture, and used by farmers.1.

4 Chapter Summary • Chapter-1: Preamble- This chapter tells about the Introduction to digital image processing, basic concepts of leaf and its types, definition and working of Classification process, statement of the problem, Scope of the project, and Methodology. • Chapter-2: Requirements and Analysis- This chapter specifies Software and Hardware requirements, basic information about MATLAB. • Chapter-3: Literature Review- This chapter majorly deals with all the findings and observation which is conducted as feasibility study before the actual development of the project. • Chapter-4: System Design- This chapter deals with Proposed Design.

Which shows different modules, such as Segmentation, Feature Extraction, Database Creation (where the shape features values of images are stored), and Neural Network Classifier. • Chapter-5: System Implementation- This chapter deals with set of MATLAB functions used in this project.• Chapter-6: Results and Discussions- This chapter deals with the GUI of the project to show the output of the application.• Chapter-7: Conclusions & Future Scope- This chapter concludes the project and it also suggest some of the future enhancements which couldn’t be covered up due to constraint of time and resources.• Bibliography- This section mainly highlights all the journal and case-study paper being referred throughout the development cycle of the project.1.5 Methodology Select a folder containing various classes of leaves for Database Creation. 1.

Database Creation 2. Segmentation3. Feature Extraction 4. Train the Neural Network a. Back Propogation Neural Network5. Select Test imagea.

Extract Test Features 6. Classification7. Classified Result

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