INTRODUCTION with the poor and disadvantaged people

Case Study

INTRODUCTION1.1 Orientation of the StudyHistorically, recycling solid waste has always existed in the form of waste re-use by salvaging materials like leather, feathers and textiles and was regarded as a fringe industry (Choi, 2012). Little attention was given to it. Many people partly survived by selling recovered discarded materials. In addition, recovery of waste in the recycling chain had been associated mainly with the poor and disadvantaged people in society (Luitel & Khanal, 2010) a practice still dominant in most developing countries (Ndum, 2013 & Swanpan, 2009).

Factors that push people into waste picking are fundamentally socio-economic with the poor people being forced to make choices between starving or picking waste for a living (Medina, 2008). Over the years recycling patterns have changed due to growing demand for raw materials, increasing waste and the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) policies which task manufacturers to take responsibility for managing their end-of-life (EOL), (Choi,2012).The natural environment has always been the main source for raw materials in the production of goods through mineral extraction, timber logging and oil drilling. However, studies report that rising demand for raw materials has lead to shortages and high prices due to competition for the available limited resources (Hilpert & Milder, 2013; European Technology Platform on Sustainable Mineral Resources, (ETP SMR), 2013). This development has contributed to growth of recycling as a sound approach that promotes sustainability in the 21st century.

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For example, the major importers of scrap are Turkey, USA and the Asian countries: India, China, Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan and Thailand (BIR, 2013 and 2016). In order to reduce the deficit of metallic raw materials, Japan recycles through recovering compounds and materials from products which have reached their end of life like vehicles. The practise of urban mining as it is known according to (Gutberlet, 2015 as cited in Belgiorno & Cesaro , 2017) is considered as a very useful strategy to regain important raw materials such as metals with benefits of resource conservation, environmental protection and economic advantages as well.

In 2008 the EU, launched the Raw Materials Initiative (RMI) with recycling as one of its Strategy on raw materials. According to (BIR, 2013 and 2016) China’s demand for steel rose from 512.3 million tons in 2008 to 798.8 million tons in 2015 of which 72 and 90.

1 million tons came from scrap. Turkey and USA’s steel manufacturing industries used more than 76% and 71.7% of scrap in 2015 respectively.

Recycling solid waste involving processing of waste material into new products has become an integral part of society today (BIR, 2009). Recycling is multi-functional system with dual functions of secondary material production and waste management (Nakatani, 2014). The recycling industry growth has also been propelled by increased waste generation. According to (Hoornweg & Bhada-Tata, 2015; Smith 2012; UN-Habitat, 2010) growing volumes of waste linked to high consumption patterns, increases in populations, better living standards and economic development has also brought the problematics of waste recovery and recycling to be part of society because of the negative impact of waste on the environment and human health. The need for sustainability in waste management has led to recycling being viewed as a necessity than an option in dealing with the increase in waste. The old concept of throwing away trash no longer works, as emphasized by Smith (2012). In developing countries, recycling solid waste is an emerging industry with benefits emanating from new raw material industries, production processes, products and markets, based on reuse of pre-used and discarded raw materials ( Swapan, 2009). In the regional context of southern Africa, dimensions of waste recovery and recycling as an emerging industry have been rarely researched in economic geography.

Forbes & Kirsch (2011) as cited in Tunner (2012) noted a blind spot in the field of economic geography, regarding asking questions about the emergence of new industries. Further, Choi (2012) reported a lack of adequate research in the recycling industry e.g. in areas of growth of the industry and its spatial patterns with Namibia not being an exception. The structure of the industry in Namibia is a combination of both the formal and informal sectors (Kayaking & Matongela, 2012) with the majority of the formal companies in food and drink processing, wood and furniture, engineering and repair activities.

Small scale industries are mainly concentrated in retailing. In Namibia formal recycling is an industry yet to be understood and researched. Recycling has been highlighted in studies conducted by Mutumba, 2005; Keyter 2009; Hasheela 2009; Magen 2010 & Lindell 2012) emphasizing the need to do in-depth studies on recycling. This research is the first of its kind, that seeks to investigate the issues of formal recycling in Namibia from a geographic point of view.1.2 Statement of the ProblemThe unfolding revolution of sustainability in resource conservation and environmental protection has created an awareness of the importance of recycling world-wide including Namibia (Sukholthaman, 2012). Resource scarcity has led to the exploration of alternative resources and recycling is an area rapidly gaining popularity in this drive. As reported by studies conducted (Hasheela, 2009; Magen, 2010; Lindell, 2012; Croset, 2014), Namibia is recycling solid waste.

Ashipala (2012) reported that recycling solid waste in Namibia is still a fledgling business which is associated with the production of new materials. In the Namibian context, emerging industries are a newly classified sector of the economy. Bird (2010), Abernathy and Utterback (1978; Forbes and Kirsch, 2011) as cited in Tanner (2012) observed that such industries are often difficult to be identified during their early development phases until their products appear on the market. Data about the industry in Namibia is still limited as not much records are kept (Recycle Namibia Forum, 2013) resulting in little information known about the industry by the generality of the population. While previous studies revealed that recycling activities are on-going in the country, no single comprehensive study had been carried out regarding the industry. This research is a direct response to that knowledge gap. Urban areas and local authorities struggling with solid waste management could benefit from a broadened understanding of the industry.

In light of such insights, this study investigated the recycling industry in Namibia. 1.3 Objectives of the StudyThe main objective of the study was to investigate the recycling industry in Namibia, an emerging economic sector involved in the recovery, processing of raw materials, manufacturing and subsequent purchasing of produced goods. Against this background, specific objectives of the study were to:1. Identify players and investigate the motives and extent of involvement in solid waste recycling in Namibia;2. Examine legislation and policies, guiding waste recovery and recycling in Namibia; 3. Investigate emerging waste recycling trends, recycling value addition processes and associated benefit chains;4.

Establish local and regional operational network linkages in the industry; and5. Come up with a model to guide waste management and recycling in Namibia.1.4 Significance of the StudyIt is without doubt that Namibia is recycling. The industry is still in its infancy, becoming one among growing like economic activities such as mining, fishing, agriculture, tourism. It was evident that not much research in solid waste recycling economy has conducted to date, except in connection with the logistics of solid waste management (Croset, 2014; Schioldborg, 2014; Jacobsen et al.

, 2014; Lindell, 2012; Magen, 2010; Hasheela, 2009). Economic activities are important in development and are to shape public policy. Therefore the findings will serve to close data and knowledge gaps emphasizing economic aspects.

Results may provide fundamental inputs into the understanding of the recycling industry, and perhaps formulation of policies for awareness building, operational practices and governance in the recycling industry. Academically, findings are expected to change known perceptions about waste and add knowledge in the discipline of applied economic geography as well as to pave way for further research.1.5 Limitations of the StudyThe research was a case study, qualitative in nature.

Qualitative research by design and data acquisition depends greatly on the willingness of respondents to participate which came out to be a big challenge as some of them were not willing to do so. Efforts by the researcher to get them on board proved difficult as the researcher was continuously given empty promises by those who tried to be diplomatic compared to some whom out rightly said no. Phone calls to enquire and book for appointments were not answered in some instances resulting in the researcher working with a lesser number of participants than the initial intended number of twenty companies which were identified.In addition, of those who were willing to participate, not all were patient enough to accommodate the 30 – 45 minute interview by the research as this was deemed to be a waste of the company time.

The researcher had to adjust accordingly thus compromising the level of detail needed. Moreover, company officials were very careful in their responses and thus the researcher only managed to get general information leaving without additional information which was considered confidential. Data acquisition through document search yielded very little as the researcher failed to have access to company documents. Information was once again considered confidential.

The researcher had to work with information given only during interviews, observations and online company information. Financial constraints was another challenge for the researcher, thus was only able to gather information from places that were reachable and also in proximity to the researcher. Namibia is vast territory, so it was not easy for the researcher to visit the whole breadth of the country to collect data. The researcher only managed to get most of the information from companies in Windhoek, Walvis Bay, Swakopmund, Okahandja and Keetmanshoop.

Another limitation of this study was the focus on Namibia’s formal recycling industry only leaving out the informal that was also contributing to the recycling chain where, as far as this researcher is concerned, no studies on recycling of solid waste have been conducted. Future research could look into this area to establish the role and contribution to the industry. The researcher left out this component due to language barrier and safety concerns.

In summary, the major limitation of the study was the unwillingness of the respondents to divulge data on volumes and prices for their merchandise on suspicions and fear of competitors. The researcher therefore had to make do with information she managed to gather. 1.6 Motivation of StudyEarlier studies on municipal solid waste management motivated the researcher to conduct this study. The studies focused on disposal of waste and how landfill sites locations shifted over time in Harare. The observations were that landfills were shifting further and further away from sources of waste generation, a situation regarded unsustainable. This situation created a difficult operational environment for traditional council operations and prompted the need for private sector involvement.Further on, the recycling program rolled out in Windhoek in 2010 by the CoW Solid Waste Management Department created further interest in this field.

A lot was going on at the time which was quite visible to the public eye. Small trucks ferrying recyclables around the City was a common scenario. Recyclables being collected from some households, street waste pickers picking plastics, bottles, cans, recycling monuments and council advertisements about recycling on waste removal trucks, public awareness campaigns were some of the activities.The impetus to do a research was increased as the researcher had a lot of questions about the whole program. Some of these questions were:I. How is recycling assisting in solid waste management?II. How is the private sector involved in the recycling program?III.

What are the issues involved in successful recycling?IV. What is happens to the recovered materials?These deeper thoughts furthered interest into the issues of recycling solid waste as a source of raw materials. As a result of these thoughts, the study was undertaken.1.7 Study AreaThe modern history of the southern African country of Namibia starts with its colonization by the German empire from 1884-1915.Until independence on the 21 of March, 1990, it was under the protectorate of South Africa.

Namibia borders the Atlantic Ocean on the west and shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east, and South Africa to the south and east. The country has a total land area of 824 292 km2km2, with a population density of 2.6 people per square kilometer. An estimate of 49.7 % of the population lives in urban areas (Geo-Hive, 2013) with 325 858 in the Capital City of Windhoek according to Namibia 2011 Population and Housing Census Main Report.

The majority of the population thrives on agriculture in the rural areas.Linked to South Africa, the economy is mainly based on mining, tourism, farming, fishing manufacturing, whole sale ; retail trade. The country’s Gross Domestic Product(GDP) is estimated at USD 28 billion (IMF Report, 2013) and GDP – per capita (PPP) of about $11, 500. With a small internal market Namibia is strongly dependant on exports to other countries .United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (2015) states that Namibia has experienced multiple years of robust economic growth and has made great strides in human development since independence in 1990.

It remains one of the most unequal countries in the world (Namibia Statistics Agency, 2012a) as high inequalities remain within the society. The country has a Gini coefficient of 59.7. The Gini coefficient is a measure of income distribution in a country (CIA, 2014; Economic Policy and Poverty Unit Report, 2013). High unemployment remains a cause of concern with 27.4 percent of the population according to the NSA (Namibian Statistics Agency, 2013).

Figure 1.1: Locality map of Namibia showing major towns and neighbouring countriesSource: Schioldborg (2014)1.8 Structure of the reportThe dissertation is organized into seven chapters.Chapter one provides the introduction and background of the study, problem statement, aim and objectives, significance of the study, limitations, motivation of the study and the description of the study area.Chapter 2: Conceptual Framework and Literature review The chapter presents Conceptual Framework and Literature review.

The Conceptual framework covers issues such as overview of recycling, models of recycling, motives, recycling programs as well as benefit chains associated with the industry. The literature review focuses on related studies and their findings. Chapter 3: Methodology This chapter outlines the methodology of the study in terms of the research design, study population, sample, data collection techniques, data collections instruments and the data analysis procedures, piloting of the data collection instruments and ethical considerations.Chapter 4: Presentation and Interpretation of Results Data is presented in this chapter. Data on motives and extent of involvement of companies in solid waste recycling, legislation and policies governing the industry, network linkages in the industry, value addition and benefit chains of the industry in Namibia are all presented.Chapter 5: Discussion of Research FindingsThe chapter was dedicated to discussing the findings to emerging from the data that was presented in chapter four.

The findings were discussed in relation to the thematic herdings that emerged from the main objectives as well as making some comparisons with findings of related studies. Chapter 6: Proposed Recycling Model The chapter will highlight the proposed solid waste and recycling model which can assist with waste management in Namibia.Chapter 7: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations The chapter concludes the research by summarizing the results, presenting recommendations and suggesting areas for further research. ??

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INTRODUCTION The eliminate the need of maintain

Management

INTRODUCTION 1.1 INFORMATION CONSISTENCY Numerous developments are being introduced as the epoch of Cloud Computing, which is a cyberspace-based progress and use of supercomputer expertise. Most powerful processors which were too expensive to begin with have become cheaper by the help of pooling processing power and providing the processing power on demand. The development of high speed internet with increased bandwidth have increased the quality of services leading to better customer satisfaction which the most primitive goal of any organization. The migration of data from the users computer to the remote data centers have the provided the customer with great and reliable convenience.

Amazon simple storage services are the well-known examples which are one of the pioneers of cloud services. The eliminate the need of maintain the data on a local system which is a huge boost for increasing quality of service. But due to this the customers are always as the mercifulness of the cloud service provider as their downtime causes the user to be unable to access his own data. Since every coin has two sides, likewise cloud computing has its own fair share of security threats and also there may be some threats which are yet to be discovered. Considering from the users point of view, he wants his data to be secure therefore, data security is the most important aspect which will ultimately lead to the customer satisfaction. The users have limited control on their own data so the conventional cryptography measures cannot be adopted.

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Thus, the data stored on the cloud should be verified occasionally to ensure the data has not been modified without informing the owner. The data which is rarely used is sometimes moved to lower tier storage making it more vulnerable for attacks. On the other note, Cloud Computing not only stores the data but also provides the user with functionality like modifying the data, appending some information to it or permanently deleting the data.

To assure the integrity of data various hashing algorithms can be used to create checksums which will alert the user about the data modifications. 1.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION Firstly, traditional cryptographic primitives for the purpose of data security protection cannot be directly adopted due to the users loss control of data under Cloud Computing. Whenever it comes to the matter relating to cloud services the user is put at a disadvantage regarding to the security of the file. Basically, the file is stored on a server which is a pool resource that is any one with users credentials can access the file and if in case the attacker comes to know about the password as well as the encryption keys the attacker can modify the file contents, thus making the information stored in the file to be accessed by the unauthorized user. So, the problem is that what if someone copys your work and claims to be his own work. Anything we design, anything we invent is governed by the principle of whether or not it guarantees customer satisfaction. Hence, the problem is underlying whether the customer can rest assured that his data is safe from unauthorized access or not.

1.3 PROJECT PURPOSE In our purposed system, we provide assurance to the user that his information is safe by implementing a system which provides security mechanisms by offering three levels of security. Concerning about the data security part, our system is divided mainly into three modules named IP triggering module, client-authentication module and redirecting module. The system generates a user password and a key which is used for client authentication. The algorithm generates two keywords 8-bit length consisting of combinations of characters, special characters, and numbers which is used for client authorization and file authorization. Questions may arise as why do we use keys of 8-bit length only The purpose of our system is to prevent illegal data access if the users credential is compromised. By testing against weak algorithms which are easier to crack we design our system to be more robust. 1.

4 PROJECT FEATURES Our scheme would be to prevent illegal access of users data. A user after getting himself registered on the system will have the advantage of different layers of security. The most primitive work our system is to inform the user that his data has been accessed from an unregistered IP by using mail triggering events. For login, the attacker tries to access the file by using the credentials stolen from the victim, and upon entering is provided with a dialog box to enter a key. The attacker tries to enter the key which wont be accepted by any means. The attacker is provided with three tries so that he can go back.

After 3 tries, the attacker is provided with the access of the fake file which is implemented by the redirection module. 1.5 MODULES DESCRIPTION 1.5.1 CLIENT MODULE In this module, the server receives a query sent from the client. Depending upon the query, the client is served the required files by the server. Before the server serves the request, authorization of client takes place.

The server matches the client credentials for security. Only if it matches with the database the request is serviced and the corresponding file is served. If by any means, unauthorized user is detected redirection to the dummy file takes place. 1.5.2 SYSTEM MODULE Three different network entities can be identified as follows USERS Clients, who have information to be put away in the cloud and depend on the cloud for information calculation, comprise of both individual customers and associations. CLOUD SERVICE PROVIDER (CSP) A CSP, is a person who has substantial assets and skills in structuring and supervising dispersed cloud storage hosts, possesses and controls live Cloud Computing systems.

THIRD PARTY INSPECTOR(TPI) A voluntary TPI, who expertises and abilities that consumers may not have, is Trust worthy to evaluate and uncover hazard of cloud storage facilities on behalf of the consumers upon demand. 1.5.

3 CLOUD DATA STORAGE MODULE The users data is stored into cloud servers by the help of CSP, which are being processed in a successive manner, the user contact with the servers via CSP for accessing or retrieving his own data. In rare case scenarios, the user may feel the need for performing minute level modifications on the data. Users if provided with some security means so that they can perform data modifications on server level without the need of storing them on their own system. The optional TPI can be used for monitoring the data for the users who have trouble for maintaining time. In our purposed system, each and every communication between the user and the server is authenticated which provides reliability to our system. 1.5.

4 CLOUD AUTHENTICATION SERVER The Authentication Server (AS) implements functionality as most of the AS would with three levels of security in addition to the traditional client-authentication practice. In first addition the client authentication info is sent to the masked router. The AS used in this purposed system also has functionalities such as a ticketing personnel, regulatory approvals on the system network. The other functionalities may include such as updating of client lists, reducing client authentication time or revoking the access of a user. 1.5.5 UNAUTHORIZED DATA MODIFICATION AND dcvxvCORRUPTION MODULE The important aspect of our purposed system is to prevent unauthorized access to the file which may result in data modification or rather corruption of data. Also it should be able to provide information regarding the unauthorized user like time of access as well as the IP address of the unauthorized intruder.

1.5.6 ANTAGONIST MODULE The threats can be originated from two different sources. A cloud service provider can have malicious intents who may move the data to a less secure storage and may also hide data losses which might occur due to several errors.

Also considering the other aspect, a person who possess the ability to compromise a number of cloud storage servers may perform data modification attacks while remaining undetected from the cloud service provider. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY The literature survey is taken as an important step in software development process. The time factor, economy and company strength are determined before developing the tool.

Then the operating system and language are determined for developing the tool. A lot of external support is needed for developers once they start developing the tool. This support can be obtained from senior programmers, from the various books or from the websites. For developing the proposed system, the above consideration is taken into account. In software development literature survey is considered to be the most important factor. Before developing any tool it is really important to determine many things such as economy, its advantage, disadvantage, its opportunities in the near future and many more such considerations are to be taken.

Once these things are satisfied, then next steps are to determine which operating system and language can be used for developing thet ool. 2.1 CLOUD COMPUTING Cloud computing provides an unlimited platform and infrastructure to store and execute and secure the clients or the customers data and program. As a customer it is not required that you have to own the system or the infrastructure as a whole, they can just be accessed or rented adding as an advantage to the customer using it minimizing the tendency to decrease the expenditure. Instead of running the data individually in one computer or even in several they are hosted in the cloud computers and servers assemblage accessed via the Internet. Cloud computing lets you access all the documents, datas and application from anywhere in the world, making it free for the people to be confined in the desktop only and making it easy for the people indifferent parts of the world to collaborate.

2.2 EXITING SYSTEM Firstly, traditional cryptographic primitives for the purpose of data security protection cannot be directly adopted due to the users loss control of data under Cloud Computing. Whenever it comes to the matter relating to cloud services the user is put at a disadvantage regarding to the security of the file. Basically the file is stored on a server which is a pool resource that is any one with users credentials can access the file and if in case the attacker comes to know about the password as well as the encryption keys the attacker can modify the file contents, thus making the information stored in the file to be accessed by the unauthorized user. So, the problem is that what if someone copys your work and claims to be his own work.

Anything we design, anything we invent is governed by the principle of whether or not it guarantees customer satisfaction. Hence, the problem is underlying whether the customer can rest assured that his data is safe from unauthorized access or not. 2.

3 PROPOSED SYSTEM In our purposed system, we provide assurance to the user that his information is safe by implementing a system which provides security mechanisms by offering three levels of security. Concerning about the data security part, our system is divided mainly into three modules named IP triggering module, client-authentication module and redirecting module. The system generates a user password and a key which is used for client authentication. The algorithm generates two keywords 8 bit length consisting of combinations of characters, special characters, and numbers which is used for client authorization and file authorization. Questions may arise as why do we use keys of 8 bit length only The purpose of our system is to prevent illegal data access if the users credential are compromised. By testing against weak algorithms which are easier to crack we design our system to be more robust. Advantages Our scheme would be to prevent illegal access of users data. Inform the user that his data has been accessed from an unregistered IP.

The attacker is provided with the access of the fake file. 2.4 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTIONS 2.4.1 JAVA Java is an abnormal state programming dialect which is quickly developing propelled innovations in the field of PC and data fields. With the other machine, dialects we can either arrange or derive a program to run the program on the framework, however the benefit of utilizing is that it can be both accumulated and translated. In Java the program is separate into midway code called the byte codes.

This is platform independent code and is decIPhered by the interpreter on the Java platform. It has the following buzzwords- Simplicity Object-oriented Platfrom independence Robust Secure Dynamic Portable Multithreaded High performance Architectural neutral Package in JAVA Package in java is a mechanism or a process to encapsulate a group of classes, interfaces and also sub-packages. Packages are used for multiple purpose that are It prevents the naming conflicts.

Example there can be two classes with the same name in any of the two packages, considering it to be Student i.e. campus member CSE Student and campus member EE Student. Packages can be used as data encapsulation (Data-hiding). It provides control access. It makes searching of interfaces, classes, enumerations,, and notations easier. 2.

4.2 JAVA PLATFORM Generally, platform is defined as the hardware or software environment on which our programs run. Few of the reputed ones are windows 2000, Linux, Solaris and MacOS. It might be considered as a blend of the working framework and equipment. The Java platform is a product stage that keeps running on the highest point of the other equipment based stage The Java platform has two components namely The Java Virtual Machine(JVM) The Java Programming Application Interface(Java API) Java Virtual Machine is the base stage for the Java stage and it is ported into various gear based stages.

Java API is all around gathered into libraries of classes and interfaces. This classes is generally called packs. The going with diagram shows the vocations of Java stage and how the Java virtual and the Java API shield the program from the hardware. 2.4.3 ODBC ODBC remains for Open Database Connectivity is a standard programming interface for database specialist co-ops and the application designers. ODBC is the de facto for the windows to get connected or interact with the database system, programmers has to use different programming languages to get connected with the database. Now, the ODBC has made the choice of the database system easier and efficient.

. Application engineers have considerably more vital things to stress over than the language structure that is expected to port their program starting with one database then onto the next when business needs abruptly change. Through the ODBC Administrator in Control Panel, you can determine the specific database that is related with an information source that an ODBC application program is composed to utilize. Think about an ODBC information source as an entryway with a name on it. Every entryway will lead you to a specific database. For instance, the information source named Sales Figures may be a SQL Server database, while the Accounts Payable information source could allude to an Access database. The physical database alluded to by an information source can live anyplace on the LAN. 2.

4.4 JDBC Java Database Connectivity or JDBC is produced by Sun Microsystems to build up an autonomous standard database API for Java. A bland SQL database get to instrument is given which thusly gives a predictable interface to assortment of Relational Database Management System (RDMS).Database availability module utilize module to keep up the interface consistency.

Jumpers for every stage ought to be given to the database and Java to have JDBC bolster. To get a more broad affirmation of JDBC ,Sun build JDBCs framework as for ODBC. JDBC GOAL Barely any product bundles are planned without objectives as a top priority. JDBC is one that, as a result of its numerous objectives, drove the advancement of the API. These objectives, in conjunction with early commentator input, have settled the JDBC class library into a strong structure for building database applications in Java. The objectives that were set for JDBC are essential.

They will give you some knowledge with reference to why certain classes and functionalities carry on the way they do.The eight design goals of JDBC are as follows SQL Level API. SQL Conformance. JDBC must be implemented on the top of common database interface. A Java interface is provide which is consistent with the rest of the Java system. It should be kept simple. Keep the common cases simple. Strong, static should be used wherever possible.

Java is also unusual in that each Java program is both compiled and interpreted. With a compile you decIPher it into a midway language called Java byte codes the platform-independent code instruction is passed and run on the computer. Fig 2.1 JDBC Class Diagram CHAPTER 3 REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS 3.

1 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS By the definitions of software engineering, a functional requirement is defined as a function of a software system or its corresponding components. A set of inputs, its behavior, and the resultant outputs is defined as a function. Any sort of calculations, inputs of technical details, data modification and interpretation and other various functionality which conglomerates together to exclaim what a system is supposed to accomplish makes up functional requirements. All of the cases where the system implies the functional requirements implemented in use cases is called as behavioral aspects of functional requirements. The system here has to perform the following tasks Derive the user id and password together with the secret key, verify with the matching database inputs.

A match if found we can continue otherwise update it with an error message. An encryption algorithm is used to encrypt an old file to form an encrypted new file. A decryption algorithm must exists that allows to decrypt and thus derive the original file from the encrypted file. The owner of the file should be made alert with an update message if any information in the file is modified. 3.2 NON-FUNCTIONALREQUIREMENTS A non-functional requirement is defined as a requirement that exclaims a criterion that is used to judge the operation of that is happening in a system, rather than predefined behaviors as put forward by systems engineering and requirements engineering.

Functional requirements that define specific behavior or functions should be in perfect contrast with this nonfunctional requirement. In the system design the plan for implementing functional requirements is explained in detail. In the system architecture theplanforimplementingnon-functionalrequirementsisexplainedindetail. Defined Constraints, quality of attributes, quality goals standards, quality service requirements and non-behavioral requirements are the some of the popular terms adopted in non-functional requirements. The common quality attributes are as follows 3.2.1 ACCESSIBILITY A common term used to elaborate on the level of which a product, device, service, or environment is accessible by the masses is defined as accessibility.

This project that we have worked on people registered with the cloud can use the cloudforstoringandretrievalofthedatawithasecretkeythatissenttotheiremailids. Simple and efficient and user friendly is the user interface. The project and the features provided should always be available to the user without any fault. A small abstinence of any part of the software would indirectly lead to the breakdown of the system and the entire project crumbling down at a point leading to low user satisfaction. In other words the project should aim at long life cycle with break down time leading to null. 3.2.2MAINTAINABILITY Maintainability is the comfort with which a software product can be modified as defined by software engineering.

The features that are kept in mind are The programming of this project being very simple, it is easily possible to get hold on and also correction of the existing defects and making the changes in the available project. 3.2.3 SCALABILITY Scalability is when system is capable of handling an increased bandwidth and an increased through put caused due to adding up of new hardware components. Under situations of low bandwidth and large number of users system should equally operate normally. Scalability in other words means the continuous availability of the system working under any circumstances without any breakdown. It should totally be prone to any sort of extreme circumstances like overflow of data, too many operations at a time, unavailability of network, server busy, client unavailable and so on.

The ability of the application to function in an uninterrupted fashion without any fail when its contents or size is changed i.e. Increased or decreased is defined as scalability. Scalability to a larger size is often easier than shrinking it ta smaller size because developer make use of the full size always. Shrinking an application to a smaller size often means putting or exposing the application in a constrained environment and expecting no interruption in its functioning. 3.2.4 PORTABILITY One of the important key concepts of high-level programming is always portability.

Software code base feature that is able to reuse the existing code in lieu of creating new code and also moving the software from an environment to another is broadly defined as portability. This project we have worked on should be capable of being executed under different operation conditions but it should always meet its minimum pre-defined configurations. System files and dependent assemblies only need configuration in such a case.

3.3 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS Processor Dual Core Processor Hard Disk 40 GB. Floppy Drive 1.44 Mb. Monitor VGA and High Resolution Monitor. Input Device Standard Keyboard and Mouse. Ram 256 Mb.

3.4 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS Operating system Windows 10/8/7/XP Front End JAVA, Swing(JFC),RMIJ2ME Back End MS-Access Tool EclIPse CHAPTER 4 DESIGN 4.1 DESIGN GOALS To enable secure outsourcing of file under the aforementioned model, our mechanism design should achieve the following security and performance guarantees 4.1.

1 INPUT/OUTPUT PRIVACY No sensitive information from the customers private data can be derived by the cloud server during performing the encryption and transfer. 4.1.2 EFFICIENCY The local computations done by customer should be substantially less than. The computation burden on the cloud server should be within the comparable time complexity of existing practical algorithms for encryption and decryption of files. 4.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE Here the client sends the query to the server.

Based on the query the server sends the corresponding file to the client. Then the client authorization is done by checking user id and password. In the server side, it checks the client name and its password for security process. If it is satisfied and then received the queries form the client and search the corresponding files in the database. Finally, find that file and send to the client. If the server finds the intruder means, it set the alternative Path to those intruders. If any intruders tries to access any file then multiple times password is asked to them and at last the intruders are directed to fake file. Here intruders will not know that the file he obtained is fake.

They think that the file they got is original one. SHAPE MERGEFORMAT Fig 4.1 System Architecture 4.3 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM The Data Flow Diagram(DFD) is also named as bubble chart diagram which is a simple graphical representation that can be used to represent a system.

The system representation is done in terms of the input data to the system, the various processing carried out on these data, and the output data is generated by the system. SHAPE MERGEFORMAT Fig 4.2 Data Flow Diagram 4.4 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM The sequence diagrams are an easy way of describing the systems behavior. It focuses on the interaction between the system and the environment.

This UML diagram shows the interaction arranged in a time sequence. It has two dimensions the vertical dimension and the horizontal dimension. The vertical dimension used in UML sequence diagram represents the time and the horizontal dimension used represents the different objects. The vertical line is also called the objects lifeline. It represents the objects presence during the interaction. SHAPE MERGEFORMAT Fig 4.3 Sequence Diagram 4.

5 USE CASE DIAGRAM A use-case diagram is a graph of users or actors. It is a set of use cases enclosed by a system boundary which is also the participation associations between the actors and the use-cases, and generalization among the use cases. So, the use-case is the description of the outside (actors or users) and inside(use-case) of the systems typical behavior. An ellipse having the name is used to show the use case which is initiated by actors or users. An Actor or a user is the one that communicates with a use-case. Name of the actors is written down and a arrow symbol is used to show the interaction between actor and use-case. Fig 4.4 Use Case Diagram 4.

6 CLASS DIAGRAM Fig 4.5 Class Diagram 4.7 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM An activity diagram consists of numerous states that represent several operations. The transition from one state to the other is triggered by the completion of the operation.

A round box having operation name is used in the diagram. For the execution of that operation, an operation symbol is used for indication. An activity diagram shows the inner state of an object. Fig 4.6 Activity Diagram CHAPTER 5 IMPLEMENTATION Among the various stages of project, the part which converts the theoretical design into a working system is known as Implementation, thus making it one of the critical phase for developing a successful system. In Implementation phase we carefully plan as well as probe the existing system keeping in mind the constraints of the implementation. 5.

1 MAIN MODULES 5.1.1 CLIENT MODULE In this module, the server receives a query sent from the client.

Depending upon the query, the client is served the required files by the server. Before the server serves the request, authorization of client takes place. The server matches the client credentials for security.

Only if it matches with the database the request is serviced and the corresponding file is served. If by any means, unauthorized user is detected redirection to the dummy file takes place. 5.1.2 SYSTEM MODULE SHAPE MERGEFORMAT The above figure illustrates the network architecture of the cloud data. Figure 1. Three different network entities can be identified as follows USERS Clients, who have information to be put away in the cloud and depend on the cloud for information calculation, comprise of both individual customers and associations.

CLOUD SERVICE PROVIDER (CSP) A CSP, is a person who has substantial assets and skills in structuring and supervising dispersed cloud storage hosts, possesses and controls live Cloud Computing systems. THIRD PARTY INSPECTOR(TPI) A voluntary TPI, who expertises and abilities that consumers may not have, is Trust worthy to evaluate and uncover hazard of cloud storage facilities on behalf of the consumers upon demand. 5.

1.3 CLOUD DATA STORAGE MODULE The users data is stored into cloud servers by the help of CSP, which are being processed in a successive manner, the user contact with the servers via CSP for accessing or retrieving his own data. In rare case scenarios, the user may feel the need for performing minute level modifications on the data.

Users if provided with some security means so that they can perform data modifications on server level without the need of storing them on their own system. The optional TPI can be used for monitoring the data for the users who have trouble for maintaining time. In our purposed system, each and every communication between the user and the server is authenticated which provides reliability to our system. 5.

1.4 CLOUD AUTHENTICATION SERVER The Authentication Server (AS) implements functionality as most of the AS would with three levels of security in addition to the traditional client-authentication practice. In first addition the client authentication info is sent to the masked router. The AS used in this purposed system also has functionalities such as a ticketing personnel, regulatory approvals on the system network. The other functionalities may include such as updating of client lists, reducing client authentication time or revoking the access of a user. 5.1.

5 UNAUTHORIZED DATA MODIFICATION AND CORRCORRUPTION MODULE The important aspect of our purposed system is to prevent unauthorized access to the file which may result in data modification or rather corruption of data. Also it should be able to provide information regarding the unauthorized user like time of access as well as the IP address of the unauthorized intruder. 5.

1.6 ANTAGONIST MODULE The threats can be originated from two different sources. A cloud service provider can have malicious intents who may move the data to a less secure storage and may also hide data losses which might occur due to several errors. Also considering the other aspect, a person who possess the ability to compromise a number of cloud storage servers may perform data modification attacks while remaining undetected from the cloud service provider. CHAPTER 6 TESTING Themaingoaloftestingistofindouttheerrorsintheprogram.Testingistheway to find the fault or any where the code implies something else. The weakness in a working product and correct it by the testing.

It is use to check the functionality of requirements, sub part of the programs, assemblies and/or a finished product it is the process of functioning software with ensuring that the Hardware and Software system meets its objective and Client expectations and does not fail in any case or in the coming future also.There are different levels of testing. Each type of testing test for some specific typetestingrequirement. TYPES OF TESTS 6.1 UNIT TESTING Unit testing is one of the level of Software testing. It includes the testing of the individual unit or the components of the program.The design of unit testing is where it validate the internal part of the program and logical testing whether it is functionally performing properly, and the inputs gives the proper output.

The unit is the small part of the program .All decision flow and flow of the program should be tested. It is the testing ofindividualsoftware unitsoftheprogram orthesystem .It isthefirstlevel oftestingand it is done before the integration testing.

This is a structural testing, that relies on knowledge of its construction of the system completely. Unit tests perform basic level of testing. Unit tests ensure that each individual flow of part performs in the given fashion accurately.It is performs by the software testers.The benefits of unit testing is where it reduce the errors in the new system or remove the defects in the developing one .It is important part of level of testing because at starting only we recognize the defects and debug it attheparticular stage.

It gives thebetterunderstanding ofthecodeat thestart so thatthereisnodefectsinthelaterstages. INTEGRATION TESTING Integration tests is the software testing phase where the unit of the program is combined and tested as the group. And to test the given system after integration whether it is running as the one individual program and delivery the output to the system for further process. It comes after unit testing and before validation testing. Integration testing has some of the approaches as bottom-up and top-down testing.Testing is event driven based and is more concerned with the final output of screens. Integration tests explainsus thatthecomponents oftheprogram issatisfytheunittestingsuccessfully, the combination of part of the program and tested it properly is correct and accurate. Integration testing is mainly focused on the errors or the defects or the problems that comes after the combination of the unit part of the program or components.

The main part istotestwhetherever unitistestedbefore combination forfurtherintegrationtesting.The integration testing is also know as I T (Integration and Testing), StringTesting and sometimesThreadTesting. VALIDATION TESTING An Validation testing is the last phase of Testing and engineering validation test (EVT) is performed at the end of the development phase and done after the integration phase.Here wearechecking forthe AreweBuilding therightproduct. It is important in determine the errors in the components and correcting them at early stage in the design cycle as early as possible, is the important way that keep the projects on time and within given budget or the total cost. Too frequent, product design and performance problems are not detected until late in the product development cycle then it cost us more.As the defects are found at the later stage then that the product is deviated from the actual one thenticketisraisedforthechangetothedevelopmentteam.

Verification is a process to validate that the service, product, system gives us the Quality in the specifications, regulations or situations forced at the start of software implementation or development stage. Verification start with the requirements of the components ,implementation, design, development and the final one production. This is usually aninside method. Validation is a way to collect the data that gives us the right to assure the high degree of service provided, product quality or system met its requirements. This generally gives combination of work with the requirements of the end users and other productstakeholders. SYSTEM TESTING Testing of an Hardware or the Software in the System testing is testing that is performed on the complete bases, integrated system to finalized the systems to met its specified requirements. System testing is the black box testing, and it doesnt require the knowledge of the design from the inner or the code logic on what bases it is implemented inthesoftwaredevelopment. As a rule, system testing is perform who is interdependent of the development team to assure the validation properly as the software has successfully passed the unit,integration, validation testing it gives us the better outcome that met the client requirementsinthesystem.

System testing is a most compact way of testing it use to recognize the defect to detectinthewholesystemorintheinterpartofthesystem. System testing processed on the whole system based on the Functional RequirementSpecification(s)(FRS)and/oraSystemRequirementSpecification(SRS). System testing doesnt only tests design, but even the behavior and the requirements of the end user/customer. It is also important to test up system on the bases of the boundary andbeyondtheboundarysitealsointheSoftware/hardwarerequirementsspecification(s). Thetestingprocessoverviewisasfollows TESTING OF INITIALIZATION AND UI COMPONENTS Serial Number of Test CaseTC 03Module Under TestUser LoginDescrIPtionWhen the user tries to log in, details of user are verified with the DATABASEInputUser ID and PasswordOutputIf the login details are correct, the user is logged in and user page is displayed.

If the login details are incorrect, error is thrownRemarksTest Successful Table 6.3 Test Case for User Login Serial Number of Test CaseTC 04Module Under TestFile UploadDescrIPtionWhen the user stores the file, file is stored with IP in DATABASEInputUser selects the file to be submittedOutputIf the details are correct, the file is stored in the databaseRemarksTest Successful Table 6.4 Test Case for File Upload Serial Number of Test CaseTC 05Module Under TestIP, Secret key VerificationDescrIPtionWhen the user wants to download file, User ID ,Password and IP are verified with the DATABASEInputSecret KeyOutputIf the login details and the IP are correct, the user can download the fileRemarksTest Successful Table 6.5 Test Case for Verifying Secret Key and IP CHAPTER 7 SNAPSHOT Fig 7.1 Screen Layout of Main Page Fig 7.2 Screen Layout when ID and Password are correct Fig 7.3 Screen Layout of User Login Fig 7.4 Snapshot of User Login Asking Unique Key Fig 7.

5 Screen Layout for Administrator Fig 7.6 Screen Layout to add New User Fig 7.7 Snapshot of Available Recourses which user can Download Fig 7.8 Screen Layout Showing Restricted IP Fig 7.9 Screen Layout of Available Recourses Fig 7.10 Snapshot of Hackers Information Fig 7.11 Snapshot of Adding Recourses Fig 7.

12 Screen Layout of blocking a IP Fig 7.13 Snapshot of Removing Blocked IP CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT 8.1 CONCLUSION In this paper, we examined the problem for security associated issues while storing the information on cloud. To prevent and implement illegal access to a users data on cloud we devised an efficient system architecture which supports efficient operations on data like modification of data, deleting or appending the data. We implemented IP triggering which triggers a mail to the users registered email address on unauthorized access of data. On the second level, we have used a password login system with a key to prevent access of files other than the sole owner. Even if the key is exposed the system detects illegal access by comparing the IP against its database and if they dont match successfully redirecting it to the dummy file thus preventing the users data from being corrupted or modified. The area of cloud computing is still in bloom so still many vulnerabilities are not discovered and has decent amount of challenges.

The most hopeful development which we can expect from cloud computing is to provide the user with decent amount of control of their own data. Automating the system to check for any modifications in data by using hashing algorithms and calculating checksum for checking with any modifications attack like SHA-checksum. 8.2 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT We shall implement hashing algorithm which will ensure the integrity of file over period of time.

The mobile alerts functionality will make the users updated about any modification attacks performed on the file. We will implement additional layer of security by using the owners mac address which will be unique to each user. CHAPTER 9 BILBOGRAPHY 9.

1 ABBREVIATIONS OOPS ( Object Oriented Programming Concepts TCP/IP ( Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol JDBC ( Java Data Base Connectivity EIS ( Enterprise Information Systems BIOS ( Basic Input/Output System RMI ( Remote Method Invocation JNDI ( Java Naming and Directory Interface ORDBMS ( Object Relational Database Management System CSP ( Cloud Service Provider (CSP) J2ME ( Java 2 Micro Edition 9.2 REFERENCES Amazon.com, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Online at HYPERLINK http//aws http//aws. amazon.com, 2008.

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com/ ENHANCED cloud security using multilevel MECHANISM Dept of CSE, NHCE PAGE MERGEFORMAT 50 USER EXISTING USER C0NNECT WITH THE SERVER N0N-EXISTING USER REGISTER WITH THE SERVER ENTER USERNAME PWD IS VALID N0 YES Client Cl0ud Server DataBase inv0ke c0nnecti0n established c0nnected validati0n user name,passw0rd t0 verify verified valid/invalid user valid user file requested checked Hd file sh0wn exit USER EXISTING USER CONNECT WITH THE SERVER NON-EXISTING USER REGISTER WITH THE SERVER ENTER USERNAME PWD IS VALID NO YES gJKKqa v3@dq2x E Ge(n5oFX9sCXuu)zgZ DJQN7n,-wC anhtIQx FD6mFFOt8iCUlMiLBZp6XvLocqnscPP Zd .x5kQodW4J bM8pPjd6Caj 4m3TE3Vnj@_2e T FQQHJJqmhPVQajA/IyPpV Y,EPNISUUC1K )0W r@Gnvhn(H70JOUoEjvyOl1De svv,- o-,7-AhhhPgJto2S4xwEPxZ@R6qi3,M( p1u 8t7WSgnuALcf2aRi7RpHHQmfQU-JHDHTHQY322HouM7Zk7wfJSA/QLLSNCT4/2PR@SDE3)LuB)5EW RJL-xRpIRh@Um3A(VVn0AoDWBkMAH9zJNH y w866 QlwA96aUUn/awqxwFzA1F72H36lQwMKKip,QGpG npTUI9bsc r4 hVX SsCCjqcjc5Vf-BrRP sxnNwyeOarbmT@PGbJ1@Gw0cqca MUx4ZjkL-LSrWtdCPFpf,8z miRIZSDJQ ooHKkkAa305Cjue6 MBGGEvE@[email protected].

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