Key wordMalpractices:Is the state of immoral behavior, misconduct and improper behaviorDiagnosis: Determining the nature and cause of a particular phenomenon.Erroneous:wrong, incorrect.Loath: don’t want to do somethingIncurred: Become subject to (something unwelcome or unpleasant) as a result of one’s own behavior or actions.Provision: availableCheating: Is to get something by dishonest means.Deception: Trick or plan used to get what you want .
Enterprise: project, venture ,scheme .Chapter 11. Introduction malpractices is one of the topics of literature, psychological and educational, see forms of fraud and its effects and levels and methods. The subject of fraud has several aspects of education, economy and social ….
Cheating is a form of fraud, deception and theft used by people of different levels.It is action, not just behavior or confirmation, but it affects human ethics, learning ethics and the credibility of education and educational institutions. Some people have sex with each other (cheating) over the care of others.There are many types of cheating methods, such as transferring a referral from a colleague, copying a project from a friend, or opening the phone during the exam.
The main objective of the study is learning and knowledge and not only success. Learning has many benefits, it affects and reflects on the student personality.Based on the above, the phenomenon of fraud requires the study and research by specialists and professionals to resolve and address this phenomenon and reduce the effects and discuss the reasons or factors associated with the occurrence of this behavior and impact.malpractices in jobIn the case of obtaining a certificate without any educational effort, that he gets a certificate without education and knowledge, leading to failure in the field of work and causes many problems and disasters, for example: a doctor received a medical certificate by fraud and give the patient overdoses, which leads To his death, or the construction of engineers leads to the fall of the building.malpractices in Business That is, it uses malpractices in increasing profits and hurting consumers, which leads to poor trust among them and not dealing with them again .1 1.1 Statement of the ProblemWhy cheating in is a problem: Exam malpractices in education or (Cheating) is a problem because Students may lose their marks, will waste time while doing the exam because they depend on cheating and may have to study again the subject, so then the students will not get more information and knowledge that will help them in their future jobs. Also Students may affect the graduation year because they may repeat the subject.
Who cheats may feel depression after catching them, that’s will lead to lowers self-respect and confidence.Cheating have many reasons like fear of failure, desire for better grade, increase his/her financial income and more of reasons that will leads to lots of effects on students like depression, losing marks and they will not get more information and knowledge for future.ObjectivesThis study will be conducted to determine the common occurrence problem which is cheating, this study aims to: To Study the reason of cheating.
To Find out the effects of cheating. To provide suggestions based on findings.1.2 Significance of the StudyThis study contains many aspects to the phenomenon, including the reasons for Cheating, motives of cheating in exams, prevention measures and treatment of the phenomenon of cheating.The study should be beneficial to all educational organizations in addition to government and private institutions, establishment and for the provision of well-educated market force, such as: The Students: This study will encourage the students not to cheat and depend on their study and knowledge, also to know the consequences of cheating.
Ministry of Education: This study will encourage Ministry of Education to make campaigns, lectures or even seminars about cheating to warn the students about it and encourage them to depend on their study and knowledge. Social worker at school: This study will encourage Social worker at school to advise students by conducting some lectures entitled Cheating and its consequences.1.
3 Scope and LimitationThe research propose is study the malpractices is the educational institutions in kingdom of Bahrain , to research specifically conduct the study in the AMA international university. Research have only two weeks to survey the sample respondents. This may limit the number of sample to be collected. There is scope for students not being responsive and based. The study involve cost which may he higher than the budgeted amount.
References1 https://www.quora.com/Why-do-some-students-cheat-during-tests-and-examsChapter 22. Literature ReviewGallant, Binkin, and Donohue in (2015) they said the Student cheating has always been an issue in higher education stage, but recently detection of cheating has become more easier with great development technological devices. As result, the chances of the illegal practice of cheating became significantly less.
Identifying those at risk for being reported for cheating is a first step in developing preventive measures. Previous research has attempted to do this through the use of self-report surveys, but such research takes considerable time and resources to carry out and suffers from low response rates and social desirability bias. To address this constraint in existing research, this study links current data from records of other-reported cheating to university registration data in order to examine 6 cheating risk factors recognized in previous research: maturity level, sex, score average, major, international student status, and fright of punishment. The results of the study suggest that international and transfer students, particularly those who are men, in high-risk majors (like computer science, economics and engineering), and have lower grades are in particular need of preventative education. Likewise, those faculty who teach in computer science, engineering and economics majors should do more to educate implement practices to reduce the likelihood of cheating.1Ballantine, Guo, Larres in (2018) explain this study demonstrates the prospective for influencing business students to act ethically by directing their undergraduate learning environment. Moreover, the bond between business students’ academic cheating, as a predictor of workplace ethical behavior, and their approaches to education is explored.
The three approaches to learning identified from the students’ approaches to learning literature are deep approach, represented by an intrinsic interest in and a desire to realize the subject, surface approach, characterized by rote learning and memorization without understanding, and strategic approach, associated with spirited students that aims to achieve merit grades by adopting either a surface or deep approach. Consistent with the hypothesized theoretical model, structural equation modeling revealed that the surface approach is associated with higher levels of cheating, while the deep approach is related to lower levels. The strategic approach had result in decreasing the level of cheating and had a statistically stronger influence than the deep approach.
Further, a encouraging relationship reported between deep and strategic approaches illustrates that cheating is reduced when deep and strategic approaches are paired. These findings suggest that future managers and business executives can be influenced to behave more ethically in the workplace by directing their learning approaches. It is hoped that the evidence presented may encourage those involved in the design of business programs to implement educational strategies which optimize students’ approaches to learning towards deep and strategic characteristics, thereby equipping tomorrow’s managers and business executives with skills to recognize and respond appropriately to workplace ethical dilemmas.2Elias in (2017) wrote Cheating is an epidemic in higher education. The author tested the psychological variable of academic entitlement and its relationship with the ethical perception of cheating using a sample of business students. Contrary to some previous research, the author found that millennia’s were only to some extent more academically entitled than students from other generations but overall had a low sense of entitlement.
Highly entitled business students viewed cheating actions as less unethical compared with less entitled students. 3Cavanagh in (2014) explain the online tests are a relatively efficient way to assess large amount of job candidates and are becoming more and more popular with organizations. Due to their unprotected nature, nevertheless online selection tests provide the potential for candidates to cheat, which may undermine the validity of these tests for selecting qualified candidates. The aim of this study was to test the appropriateness of utility theory as a framework for understanding decision-making in regard to cheating on an online cognitive ability test (CAT) by manipulating the probability of passing the test with cheating, the probability of being caught cheating, and the value of being caught cheating in two samples: 518 adults recruited through Amazon mTurk, and 384 undergraduate students. The probability of being caught cheating significantly affected performance on the CAT for the mTurk sample, but not for the student sample, and significantly moderated the relationship between CAT score during session one and CAT score during session two for the student sample. Neither the probability of being caught cheating, nor the value of being caught cheating significantly affected CAT performance or validity in either sample. Findings regarding the prevalence and effectiveness of cheating are discussed.
4Elias in (2015) examined Cheating is a common issue among college students. Research illustrates that business students cheat more often than other students and that this deceitful was interrelated with future unethical workplace behavior. The current research examines some psychological determinants of business students’ cheating perception.
A survey was conducted to 474 undergraduate business students in two universities. The levels of Individualism/Collectivism and the Protestant Work Ethic were measured for each respondent as well as his/her perception of various doubtful cheating behaviors. The research indicated that high Collectivists and those with a high Protestant Work Ethic were more probable to view cheating actions as more unethical than other individuals those with a lower work ethic. The results have implications for college instructors in their attempt to reduce the chances of cheating.
5Giluka and Postlethwaite in (2015) demonstrate that the Academic dishonesty is widespread within secondary and higher education. It can include unethical academic behaviors such as cheating, plagiarism, or unauthorized help. Researchers have recognized a number of individual and contextual factors in an effort to understand the phenomenon.
In the last ten years there has been rising interest in the role personality plays in explanation immoral academic behaviors. We used meta-analysis to estimate the relationship between each of the Big Five personality factors and academic dishonesty. Previous reviews have highlighted the role of neuroticism and extraversion as possible predictors of cheating behavior. However, our results showed that conscientiousness and agreeableness are the strongest Big Five predictors, with both factors negatively related to academic dishonesty. We discuss the implications of our findings for both research and practice.
6 Blau, Kunkle, Mittal, Rivera, Ozkan in (2017) studied Dealing with academic dishonesty remains an ongoing issue for business school faculty. In this study, using an online survey, the authors examined responses of 233 business school faculty from a Tier 1 Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business–accredited University and measured their perceptions of undergraduate cheating and recognizing such behavior. Study results showed promise for measuring 3 types of cheating behavior scales: paper based, internet based, and direct exam. Faculty who formally reported a cheating incident perceived a higher general cheating problem, and higher levels of paper-based, internet-based, and direct exam cheating than the faculty who had never reported a student. 7Ellis, Zucker, and Randall (2018). Examined while there is growing awareness of the existence and activities of Academic Custom Writing websites, which form a small part of the contract cheating industry, how they work remains poorly understood.
Very little research has been done on these sites, perhaps because it has been assumed that it is impossible to see behind their firewalls and password protection. We have found that, with some close analysis, it is indeed possible to find couple of ‘cracks’ in these sites through which we can look to gain insights into the business activities that operate within them. We have reverse engineered the business processes that operate within some of these sites.
From this we have also been able to identify three diverse business models that are supported by these sites. Our analysis supports important findings about how these sites operate that can be used to inform future strategies to detect and deter contract cheating. 8Kupchik, and Catlaw, (2015) studies the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health data set to evaluate the long-term influence of school discipline and security on political and civic participation. We find that young adults with a history of school suspension are less probable than others to vote and volunteer in civic activities years later, telling that suspension negatively impacts the chances that youth engage in prospect future political and civil activities.These findings are consistent with prior theory and research highlighting the long-term negative implications of punitive disciplinary policies and the role schools play in preparing youth to participate in a democratic polity. We conclude that suspension undermines the development of the individual skills and capacities necessary for a democratic society by substituting collaborative trouble solving for the exclusion and physical removal of students.
The research lends empirical grounds for recommending the reform of school governance and the implementation of more constructive models of discipline.9Hsiao (2015) explain Academic cheating is a global problem the face almost all universities worldwide. Many studies on academic cheating had focused on high school students and undergraduate colleges, few studies have focused on the scope of the students with and without jobs. Therefore, this study has empirically assessed the critical cheating issues by focusing on the uncovered area by many researches (comparing undergraduate students with and without jobs).
To add, this study proposes a research framework based on the extended theory of planned behavior by including ethical and affective variables from the dual-process theory, the social learning theory, the decision affect theory, and the prospect theory. The survey method with a two-stage analytical procedure was used to achieve the research purpose. So a total of 525 student samples were preceded for subsequent analysis. The results demonstrate that all antecedents considerably affected students’ cheating intention.
Moreover, the hypothetical relationships were examined across three groups of students. Firstly, individuals who are jobless; secondly, part-time employees; and finally, full-time employees. The results showed that some major differences existed in the relationships between antecedents and cheating intention across the different student groups. While perceived behavioral control has the strongest effect on cheating aim among students with no jobs and with full-time jobs, unethical beliefs in the workplace have a significant effect on cheating for students who are employeed, but not for students with part-time jobs and with no jobs. Implications for practitioners and academic institutions are discussed.10References:1 Gallant, T. B.
, Binkin, N., & Donohue, M. (2015).
Students at risk for being reported for cheating. Journal of Academic Ethics, 13(3), 217-228.2 Ballantine, J. A.
, Guo, X., & Larres, P. (2018). Can future managers and business executives be influenced to behave more ethically in the workplace? The impact of approaches to learning on business students’ cheating behavior.
Journal of Business Ethics, 149(1), 245-258.3 Elias, R. Z. (2017).
Academic entitlement and its relationship with perception of cheating ethics. Journal of Education for Business, 92(4), 194-199.4 Cavanagh, T. M. (2014).
Cheating on online assessment tests: Prevelance and impact on validity (Doctoral dissertation, Colorado State University. Libraries).5 Elias, R. Z. (2015). The Effect of Personality Characteristics on Business Students’ Perceptions of Cheating. Journal of Learning in Higher Education, 11(1), 11-16.6 Giluk, T.
L., & Postlethwaite, B. E.
(2015). Big five personality and academic dishonesty: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 59-67.7 Blau, G., Kunkle, M., Mittal, N.
, Rivera, M., & Ozkan, B. (2017).
Measuring business school faculty perceptions of student cheating. Journal of Education for Business, 92(6), 263-270.8 Ellis, C., Zucker, I. M., & Randall, D. (2018). The infernal business of contract cheating: understanding the business processes and models of academic custom writing sites.
International Journal for Educational Integrity, 14(1), 1.9 Kupchik, A., & Catlaw, T.
J. (2015). Discipline and participation: The long-term effects of suspension and school security on the political and civic engagement of youth.
Youth & Society, 47(1), 95-124.?10 Hsiao, C. H. (2015). Impact of ethical and affective variables on cheating: comparison of undergraduate students with and without jobs. Higher Education, 69(1), 55-77.
?Chapter 3Research Methodology3.1. Conceptual Framework and Theoretical Framework Theoretical Framework?McGregor Theory X and Theory Y: Vroom and Deci: 1970?In his theory McGregor developed two distinct preconceived perceptions of how people observe human behaviour at work and organisational life. He believed that companies follow one of the two opposing approaches. He called these approaches theory X and theory Y.?He argues that in theory X, management has the responsibility to ensure that the productive elements of the enterprise are organised such as money, materials, and people with the purpose of meeting economic ends.
?People have an inborn dislike of work and tend to avoid it whenever an opportunity arises, they are inborn selfish, indifferent to the needs of the organisation, peoples efforts need to be directed through motivation, controlling their actions and modification of their behaviour so as to fit organisational needs, they always need to be directed to take responsibility and have little or no ambition but above all everything they seek security. Due to the lazy inherent nature of human beings they are not able to perform well in their own initiative. In order to make people to achieve the organisational objectives they need to be persuaded, rewarded, coerced, controlled, directed or threatened with punishment. The role of management is to coerce and control employees.?If management does not have an active intervention, people tend to remain passive and resistant to the needs of the organisation.
?On the other hand theory Y stipulates that management is charged with the responsibility to organise the elements of productive enterprise such as money, materials, equipment and people with the aim of meeting economic ends. To people work is a natural thing, they are not passive or resistant to organisational needs and are always ready to express self direction when committed to the objectives because people are naturally not lazy. Unlike theory X people accept and seek responsibility at all times. However the only way management can ensure that people are committed is to provide them with the right conditions and operation methods to enable them achieve their goals through the direction of their efforts to meet objectives of the organisation.?In the assumptions suggested in theory Y, management’s role is to develop employee’s potential and help them to release that potential towards the achievement of common goals.?Management in accomplishing its tasks uses these assumptions as guides and this leads to a variety of possibilities which fall between two extremes. In one extreme side management can be hard or strong and on the other management can be soft or weak.
?Theory X is the standpoint that traditional management has taken towards the work force while many modern organisations are now taking the enlightened position of theory Y (Boeree, 2006:3).?Mc Gregor’s theory Y is linked to the questions in the questionnaire that are concerned about training, monitoring performance, performance assessment, working conditions.Reference: Schiphorst, F. (2008). Motivation and Work Performance: Complexities in Achieving Good Performance.3.
1.2 Conceptual framework:Based on the problem we identified the motivation theory the study has developed the concept frame work of Student motivation is correlated with learning. Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y as a basis for understanding and improving motivation in the business world can be directly applied to the science classroom. Teachers with a Theory Y perspective (students naturally want to learn) provide increased motivation for students and promote more active learning than Theory X-style teachers who do not view students as active learners. Many teachers are not aware of their Theory X/Theory Y orientation and how this bias may be impacting their interaction with students. Research methodology In this chapter the research design is presented in detail.
Research design. Type pf research.The type of research used is descriptive in nature, this means we are collecting information as it is present now, this information can change in future.3.1(b) sources of data: there are two methods of gathering data which are: Primary source: First time data.
By contrast, are collected by the investigator conducting the research, In this study the research uses primary data for analysis Secondary source: the information is already available, The study has used articles, journals, and websites to collect information.3.1(c): method of data collection: Survey 🙁 Question, Answer): The methods involved in survey data collection are any of a number of ways in which data can be collected for a statistical survey. These are methods that are used to collect information from a sample of individuals in a systematic way.In this Research we use survey method to collect information from respondents.Method used for gathering data in our survey is depended on the survey method. Research Instrument: Questionnaire: A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions (or other types of prompts) for the purpose of gathering information from respondents.
In this research a questionnaire is used to collect information from the respondents Sampling design :The sampling technique that can be used on probability & non probability in this study.The research used non probability technique.Nonprobability samples: represents a group of sampling techniques that help researchers to select units from a population that they are interested in studying. Convenience: A convenience sample is simply one where the units that are selected for inclusion in the sample are the easiest to access Judgmental: Judgmental sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where the researcher selects units to be sampled based on their knowledge and professional judgment.3.
4 Tools used in this study The statistical tools are : Percentages analysis – Method of analyzing information obtained over an extended period by choosing a baseline period and stating the data associated with subsequent periods as a percentage of that period. Frequency distribution – is a tabular form of statistics. Each entry in the table contains the frequency or count of the occurrences of values within a particular group or interval, and in this way, the table summarizes the distribution of values in the sample.Sample size:The sample size in this research is 100. This it got by using the Cochran formula:n=((z^2 )(p)(q))/e^2 Where:Z= 1.96 , p=0.5 , q=0.5, e=0.10
