Ms170400925Recombinant vaccines: applications and challengesAbstractInoculated plasmid DNA it, encodes an immunogenic protein gene of an infectious agent which stands out as a novel approach for creating new generation vaccines which prevents infectious diseases of animals. DNA vaccines act in presence of maternal antibodies, great strides have been made in nucleic acid vaccination, while there were many areas that need further research for its practical implementation. Major applications of concern are vaccine delivery, designing of suitable vectors and cytotoxic T cell responses.
Also, there is induction of immune responses ., Recently, efforts are continued to enhance the active life of dendritic cell. immunodeficiency syndrome were (AIDS), influenza, malaria and tuberculosis in humans; and foot and mouth disease, Aujesky’s disease, swine fever, rabies, canine distemper and brucellosis in animals, DNA vaccine clinical trials are underway.IntroductionVaccines are preparation of killed or weakened microorganisms that is given to person orally or injected in order to prevent diseaseIn 1789 Edward Jenner was the first person who immunize people against small pox. He killed and polio vaccinesNow let’s see what is recombinant vaccinesRecombinant vaccineThe gene encoding any immunogenetic protein can be clonned and expressed in bacterial yeast and mammalian cell using recombinant DNA technology.
Here is the first antigen which is approved for human used in hepatitis B vaccine here the vaccine developed by cloning the gene. In 1960 it was first reported that in vivo the property of naked DNA get transfected into mammalian cells in 1990 Wolff et al gives , the concept of DNA vaccine. Now the new generation vaccine which is the application of DNA Immunization has been well studied since its invention, a have a clinical trials, in veterinary practice The DNA vaccines elicit it desired immune responses that are cell mediated immunity (CMI) and humoral immune response (HIR); and by using recombinant DNA techniques and production in bacteria it is much easier for their manipulation. As an effective vaccine, plasmid DNA have a protective antigen of a pathogen, a gene encoding pathogen, which is injected into host and is transcribed and translated, to develop a specific immune response. The DNA vaccines, described as genetic immunization to elicit a protective immune response, have been further improved by exploiting various genes. If we see veterinary practice in a last few years we have seen numerous trials of DNA vaccines against various animal diseases like foot and mouth disease (FMD) and herpes virus infection in cattle, Aujesky’s disease and classical swine fever in swine, rabies and canine distemper in canines, and avian influenza, infectious bronchitis, infectious bursal disease now lets see what is the advantage of DNA vaccine that is the possibility of differentiating infected from the vaccinated animals (DIVA).The utility of ‘marker’ DNA vaccines has been reported for variety of diseases.
DiscussionNow lets see Applications of nucleic acid vaccines in veterinary practice first a fall we have to know what is veterinary vaccinology it is a developing field and currently we came to know that vaccines are that which are not only used for the prevention of diseases in animals, but also help to solve public health crisis, Advancement in science and technology, there is improved knowledge in immunology, microbiology and recombinant technology which plays a vial roles in introducing ideas in vaccine, in a last few years we have seen the development of nucleic acid vaccines against many diseases like classical swine fever, Aujesky’s disease, rabies, foot and mouth disease, brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis, equine herpes infections, avian infectious bronchitis, avian influenza, infectious bursal disease. DNA vaccines have progresses a revolution in the concept of vaccination . DNA vaccines also provide DIVA strategy, and hence vaccine-induced flock immunity that can be differentiated for effective sero-surveillance. several workers have developed successful DNA vaccine strategies against bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1) infection For rapid and effective vaccine development Bovines Genetic immunization approach against bacterial diseases of bovines Against brucellosis, a protein protection induced cells are T and B cell which are a reactive protein. Now for the generation of effective DNA vaccine oxide dismutase (SOD) antigen of B. Against mycobacterial infections in cattle, Huygens has explained DNA vaccine approaches.
In mice there is a test based on Mycobacterium bovis protein MPB-83 when tested It show protective immune responses .to enhance the immunogenetic properties of mycobacterial DNA vaccines there is the use of costimulatory molecule CD 154 along with ESAT-6 gene M. bovis Ag85B gene due to its ability to induce the Th1 immune respond it has been found suitable while incorporating in plasmid vector .DNA vaccines used in combination with Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) developed protection during challenge. It was suggested by the earliest report that the use of a gene encoding the VP4 protein of bovine rotavirus (BRV) was effective in stimulating a Th1-likeimmune Against viral diseases of bovines. Virus (BRSV) induce protection against the infection in calves.
BHV-1 VP22 protein has been utilized to improve the efficacy of a DNA vaccine encoding gD gene . Nucleic acid vaccine protect the cattle against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)this is also used for Non-structural protein NS3 used for inducing humoral immunity against BVD. Liang et al. In hos experiment he found that the DNA prime boost regimens are used for preventing BVD in cattle when it is compared to the DNA vaccine or protein vaccine alone. VP1 based DNA vaccines are being utilized for making vaccines against foot and mouth disease (FMD).Dong et al.
Suggested that prime-boost strategy it can be a key factor for the success of DNA vaccine against FMD (Jin et al. Studied that it may provide enhanced immune response (Shao et al. Recently, a microparticulate t and b cells based DNA vaccine has been developed. DNA vaccines are also being reported against some rickettsia diseases and ectoparasites of bovines.
Ehrlichia ruminantium it protect cattle against “heart water” disease. To induce humoral and cellular immune responses against the tick, Boophilus microplus, has also been studied by the potential of DNA immunization with plasmid encoding antigen Bm86 to(Ruiz et al. j Ovine and caprine Nucleic acid vaccines developed for protection of the common bacterial diseases of sheep and goats. DNA vaccination with. In case of anthrax in sheep, there is the protective antigen (PA83) gene of Bacillus anthracic which has been employed for developing DNA vaccine (Hahn et al. Paratuberculosis or Johne’s disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp.
paratuberculosis, For the prevention of viral diseases there is a, DNA vaccines that could protect against diseases like caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE), foot and mouth disease. To combine gene with prime-boost vaccination strategy it shows induce protective responses in goats (Cheever’s et al. Said that gene gun-based mucosal DNA immunization against Visna-Maedi in sheep here is the plasmid which express the envelope gene of the virus which has combination with IFN? gene and is expected to give protection and it also restrict virus replication. , Niborski et al. Has a report upon the development of a VP1-based nucleic acid vaccine and he found that it was more effective when it was used along with poly lactide co-galactide (PLG) formulation. (RVFV) is the viral glycoprotein virus when it is used then DNA vaccine found to induce neutralizing antibodies .
now a days ago , Babiuk et al. Recently reported that a single DNA vaccination with the hepatitis B virus surface antigen gene (HBsAg), have the combination with electroporation, it approaches the commercial subunit vaccine in maintaining protective serum antibody titers against hepatitis B virus in sheep. DNA vaccines are also being utilized against many ecto- and endo-parasites. DNA vaccines which have VP1 gene of O, A and C strains of FMD virus it showed protection against the disease.ConclusionFrom the review article we had concluded that the aim of developing DNA vaccines is to prevent swine fever, FMD and pseudorabies infection in pigs. Here the Plasmid constructs has also been developed that could also protect swine against the classical swine fever (CSF), Dna vaccines developed to eliminate the bacterial diseases.
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